LESSON 4

GRAMMAR

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

����¤����ʸ����ö���ҧ����¡���������� �not� ��ͷ��¤ӡ���Ҫ���  (auxiliary verbs) �������ö���͡�� 3 �Ըա�� �ѧ���仹��

1. ����������� �not� �����ٻ��� �n�t� ��ͷ��¤ӡ���Ҫ���  (auxiliary verbs) �����

    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§     

         We are leaving.                                     We are not / aren�t leaving.

         �ǡ��ҡ��ѧ���͡�                               �ǡ��ҡ��ѧ������͡�

         He can swim.                                       He cannot / can�t swim.

         ������ö���¹����                                 ���������ö���¹����

         They have finished their work.                  They have not / haven�t finished their work.

         �ǡ�ҷӧҹ��������                              ï¿½Ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½Ó§Ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

         I may go to the party.                   I may not / mayn�t go to the party.         

         �ԩѹ�Ҩ��仧ҹ����§                               �ԩѹ�Ҩ�����仧ҹ����§

         I am very hungry.                                  I am not / I�m not very hungry.              

         ������ҡ                                             ���������ҡ

2. ������ҧ����¤����ʸ�Ѻ����¤����ա������ ��ͧ�ӡ���Ҫ��� �do� ����Ѻ �not� �����ٻ��� �n�t�

     ������ҧ    

         The students like the new rules.               The students do not / don�t like the new rules.   

�ǡ�ѡ���¹�ͺ������º�����          �ǡ�ѡ���¹���ͺ������º�����

         Justin feels well today.                           Justin does not / doesn�t feel well today. 

         ��ʵԹ����֡���ҡ��ѹ���                               ��ʵԹ����֡���������ѹ���

         Bill signed up for the picnic.                     Bill did not / didn�t sign up for the picnic. 

         ���ŧ����任Ԥ�Ԥ                                     ��������ŧ����任Ԥ�Ԥ

 

3. ��һ���¤����դӡ�����ҡ���� 2 �� ������ �not� �����ٻ��� �n�t� �����¤ӡ���Ҫ��¤��á

    ������ҧ     

         Victor has been working here.                  Victor has not / hasn�t been working here.

         �Ԥ����ӧҹ�������� (���ҧ������ͧ)                 �Ԥ���������ӧҹ�������� (���ҧ������ͧ)

         They may have gone home.                     They may not / mayn�t have gone home.

         �ǡ���Ҩ�С�Ѻ��ҹ����ǡ���                  �ǡ���Ҩ���ѧ������Ѻ仺�ҹ��¡���

         I�ll be seeing Marin tomorrow.                  I will not / won�t be seeing Marin tomorrow.

         �����ѧ��仾�����Թ��ѹ���觹��                  �����ѧ�����仾�����Թ��ѹ���觹��

          

GRAMMAR EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Answer the questions with negative statements.

1. Jack: Have you seen Maria yet?

    Fred: �������������������������������.

2. Rick: I like your new bag.  Did you buy it from that department store?

    Ben: �������������������������������..

3. Sarah: Could you give me a hand to move this sofa?

    Jane: I�m sorry.  I�������������������������..�

4. Mrs. Peach: Will the school bus arrive at 0800 this morning?

    Mrs. Marks: I�m not sure.  It ����������������������

5. Kirk: I�m looking for my car key.  Have you seen it?

    Helen: No, I ����������������������������

6. Janet: Excuse me.  Do you know where the library is?

    Luis: No, I�m sorry.  I �������������������������...

7. Mr. Chang: Has Ian been studying Chemistry I in Lab 2?

    Lin: No, ������������������������������..

8. Shirley: Can you speak Thai and Japanese?

    Sam: I can speak Thai but I �����������������������

9. Nana: Will the children have been playing in the playground?

    Bob: I think ������������������������������

10. Gavin: Did you go on the tour to Phuket?

      Richard: I had a lot of work to complete, so I �����������������

 

SUFFIX_LIKE

������ SUFFIX_LIKE ��ѧ�ӹ��  ï¿½Õ¨Ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹¤Ó¤Ø³ï¿½Ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ ���դ������������ǡѺ, ���ѡɳФ���� ���� ������͹

������ҧ

         It�s hot today. I can�t believe we have these summerlike days.

          �ҡ����͹�ҡ��ѹ��� �������ҡ��������Ҿǡ��Ҩ����ѹ��������͹�ѹ�Ĵ���͹Ẻ������

          I ate his dessert that tasted sweet and was cakelike.

         �ѹ�ҹ�����ҹ�ͧ�� ���������ҹ������ѡɳФ���¢����

EXERCISE 2

Direction: Read the following sentences carefully and circle the correct words.

1.       Sarah�s daughter is pretty and (lady, ladylike).

2.       George does the kinds of things for you that a (brother, brotherlike) could do.

3.       Jim likes many kinds of dessert.  He just tasted a (cake, cakelike) dessert.

4.       As we ran along the road, we saw a (cat, catlike) animal slept on bench.

5.       There is a new material that is similar to (plastic, plasticelike) which can do his job better.

6.       I think Steve is a great artist because the scenes that his paints look like real (life, lifelike).

7.       James is looking for a new apartment that has a (home, homelike) atmosphere.

8.       I just heard a (bell, bell-like) sound that annoyed me.

9.       Kathy likes sweet coffee.  She prefers to add more (sugar, sugarlike) in her coffee.

10.   My daughter is looking at the dancer whose dance is (cat, catlike) movements.

 

PARTICIPIAL PHRASES AS SENTENCE MODIFIERS

Participial Phrase ����  phrase  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¹µé¹´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½  Present Participle  ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½  Past Participle ���㹺����¹��� ����੾�С�÷�˹�ҷ����»���¤��ѡ ����Ǥ�� ��˹�ҷ������͹ Adverbial Clause ����ͧ

������ҧ          Jim hurt his arm, while he was playing tennis.

                   Jim hurt his arm, (while) playing tennis.

                   ������Ѻ�Ҵ�纷��ᢹ 㹢�з����ѧ���෹���           

                   I felt asleep while I was listening to the radio.

                   I felt asleep, (while) listening to the radio.

                   ������֡��ǧ�͹ 㹢�з����ѧ�ѧ�Է��

                   After we had found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

                   Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

                   ������龺�ç������ѡ���� �ǡ��ҡ����ʶҹ�������Ѻ�ҹ����ä��

                   Because Jack is unemployed, he hasn�t got much money.

                   Being unemployed, Jack hasn�t got much money.

                   ���ͧ��������էҹ�� �����Թ����ҡ�ѡ

EXERCISE 3

Direction: Reduce the adverbial clause to a participial phrase and complete the sentence.

1. Because he was busy, George didn�t go to his sister�s birthday party.

    ��������������������������������������

2. Andy injured his knee, while he was doing gymnastics.

    ��������������������������������������

3. After Nick finished his job, he went home immediately.

    ��������������������������������������

4. Because I felt very tired, I went to bed earlier.

    ��������������������������������������

5. After Simon had repaired his car, he took it out for a road test.

    �������������������������������������..

6. We can�t go to the concert because we don�t have tickets.

    �������������������������������������..

7. While the Clarks were attending college, they worked full time as waiters.

    �������������������������������������.

8. Because I don�t have enough money, I can�t buy that computer.

    ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.

9. While my supervisor was checking my report, she discovered an error.

    �������������������������������������.

10. I couldn�t call you last night because I didn�t have your telephone number.

    �������������������������������������.

 

VOCABULARY

- encircle (v.)           = to surround; to form a circle round

                            = �����ͺ��ǧ , ��ǧ�����ͺ

- variable (adj.)        = changeable: varying

                            = ����¹�ŧ��, ��褧���

- frequency (n.)       = rate of occurrence or repetition of something

                            = �������

- radiate (v.)            = to emit or send out

                            = �����, ���ѧ��

- radiation (n.)         = movement of light, heat, etc. in the form of rays

                            = ������ѧ��

- cable (n.)             = thick wire or robe made of fiber or wire used for tying up ships

                            = �������

- scatter (v.)            = to spread out; throw something in different directions

                            = ����, ���, ���ҹ

- echo (n.)              = a reflected sound wave

                            = ���§��ͧ�з�͹��Ѻ

- deflect (v.)            = to bend or turn aside; turn from its direction of movement

                            = �ѡ��, �������

- scope (n.)             = screen of radar set; range or extent

                            = ���Ҿ�ô���, �ͺࢵ

- blip (n.)                = spot of light on radar screen

                            = 信�о�Ժ

- cycle (n.)              = regularly repeating occurrence

                            = ����Դ��ǧ�ͺ

- terminate (v.)        = to end

                            = ��, ŧ���

- plot (v.)               = to make a secret plan

                            = �ҧἹ

- amplifier (n.)         = electric device that increases strength of signal

                            = ����ͧ����

- amplify (v.)           = to increase strength

                            = ����

- bearing (n.)           = direction in degrees as measured from a known position

                            = �����

- grid (n.)                = network of squares on a map

                            = ���ҧ�Ἱ���

- minute (adj.)         = small in size or amount

                            = ��Ҵ���

- horizon (n.)          = the line at which the earth and sky appear to meet

                            = �ͺ���

- cliff (n.)                = a high, steep, surface of rock at the end of the sea

                            = ˹�Ҽ�

- beacon (n.)           = guiding or warning signals

                            = ��ѭ�ҳ���ʹ��, ������

-distort (v.)             = make something look or sound unnatural

                            = �Դ��͹, �����Դ�ٻ�

- blurry (adj.)          = not clear

                            = ���, ����

- obsolete (adj.)       = out of date; no longer used

                            = ������, ��ԡ������

- moderate (adj.)     = average in amount

                            = �������, ����ع�ç

- enclose (v.)           = to close in all around

                            = �����ͺ

 

VOCABULARY EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Match the first part of the sentence in column A with the second part in Column B.

               Column A                                                        Column B

��.. 1. A blip is                                              a. planning it or drawing it on a chart.

��.. 2. Beacons send signals                             b. steep surfaces of rock, ice, or earth.

��.. 3. Plotting a course or path means               c. to concentrate on it.

��.. 4. The horizon is                                      d. sound waves that bounce back.

��.. 5. A scope is                                           e. to end it.

��.. 6. An amplifier                                         f. a thick rope or cord.

��.. 7. The frequency of something is                 g. the line where the earth and sky seem to meet.

��.. 8. To terminate a conversation means           h. a bright spot on a radar screen.

��.. 9. Cliffs are                                             i. a radar screen.

��.. 10. To focus on a radar screen means           j. how often it happens in a certain period of time.

��.. 11. Echoes are                                         k. makes sounds louder.

��.. 12. A cable is                                          l. used for warning or guidance.

 

 

ANSWER KEY

GRAMMAR EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Answer the questions with negative statements.

1. Jack: Have you seen Maria yet?

    Fred: No, I haven�t seen her yet.

2. Rick: I like your new bag.  Did you buy it from that department store?

    Ben: No, I didn�t buy it from that department store.

3. Sarah: Could you give me a hand to move this sofa?

    Jane: I�m sorry.  I couldn�t give you a hand to move this sofa.

4. Mrs. Peach: Will the school bus arrive at 0800 this morning?

    Mrs. Marks: I�m not sure.  It won�t / may not arrive at 0800.

 5. Kirk: I�m looking for my car key.  Have you seen it?

     Helen: No, I haven�t seen it.

6. Janet: Excuse me.  Do you know where the library is?

    Luis: No, I�m sorry.  I don�t know where it is.

7. Mr. Chang: Has Ian been studying Chemistry I in Lab 2?

    Lin: No, he hasn�t been studying Chemistry I in Lab 2.

8. Shirley: Can you speak Thai and Japanese?

   Sam: I can speak Thai but I cannot speak Japanese.

9. Nana: Will the children have been playing in the playground?

   Bob: I think they won�t have been playing in the playground.

10. Gavin: Did you go on the tour to Phuket?

      Richard: I had a lot of work to complete, so I didn�t go on the tour to Phuket.

 

EXERCISE 2

Direction: Read the following sentences carefully and circle the correct words.

1.       Sarah�s daughter is pretty and (lady, ladylike).

2.       George does the kinds of things for you that a (brother, brotherlike) could do.

3.       Jim likes many kinds of dessert.  He just tasted a (cake, cakelike ) dessert.

4.       As we ran along the road, we saw a (cat, catlike) animal slept on bench.

5.       There is a new material that is similar to (plastic, plasticelike) which can do his job better.

6.       I think Steve is a great artist because the scenes that he paints look like real (life, lifelike).

7.       James is looking for a new apartment that has a (home, homelike) atmosphere.

8.       I just heard a (bell, bell-like) sound that annoyed me.

9.       Kathy likes sweet coffee. She prefers to add more (sugar, sugarlike) in her coffee.

10.   My daughter is looking at the dancer whose dance is (cat, catlike) movements.

 

EXERCISE 3

Direction: Reduce the adverbial clause to a participial phrase and complete the sentence.

1. Because he was busy, George didn�t go to his sister�s birthday party.

    Being busy, George didn�t go to his sister�s birthday party.

2. Andy injured his knee, while he was doing gymnastics.

    Andy injured his knee, (while) doing gymnastics.

3. After Nick finished his job, he went home immediately.

    Finishing his job, he went home immediately.

4. Because I felt very tired, I went to bed earlier.

    Feeling tired, I went to bed earlier.

5. After Simon had repaired his car, he took it out for a road test.

    Having repaired his car, Simon took it out for a road test.

6. We can�t go to the concert because we don�t have tickets.

    Not having tickets, we can�t go to the concert.

7. While the Clarks were attending college, they worked full time as waiters.

     Attending college, the Clarks worked full time as waiters.

8. Because I don�t have enough money, I can�t buy that computer.

    Not having enough money, I can�t buy that computer.

9. While my supervisor was checking my report, she discovered an error.

    Checking my report, my supervisor discovered an error.

10. I couldn�t call you last night because I didn�t have your telephone number.

    I, not having your telephone number, couldn�t call you last night.

 

VOCABULARY EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

Direction: Match the first part of the sentence in column A with the second part in Column B.

               Column A                                                        Column B

�h�.. 1. A blip is                                            a. planning it or drawing it on a chart.

�l�.. 2. Beacons send signals                    b. steep surfaces of rock, ice, or earth.

�a�.. 3. Plotting a course or path means             c. to concentrate on it.

�g�.. 4. The horizon is                                     d. sound waves that bounce back.

�i�.. 5. A scope is                                           e. to end it.

�k�.. 6. An amplifier                                       f. a thick rope or cord.

�j�.. 7. The frequency of something is                g. the line where the earth and sky seem to meet.

�e�.. 8. To terminate a conversation means         h. a bright spot on a radar screen.

�b�.. 9. Cliffs are                                            i. a radar screen.

�c�.. 10. To focus on a radar screen means j. how often it happens in a certain period of time.

�d�.. 11. Echoes are                                       k. makes sounds louder.

�f�.. 12. A cable is                                          l. used for warning or guidance.